[The medical care of seamen of civil shipping: the role of non-commercial organizations].

According to the International Labor Organization, health protection and access to medical treatment are to be guaranteed to seamen in the same way as to people working ashore. However, in practice, formal measures and mechanisms do not always make it possible to provide medical care to crew members of civil vessels due to peculiarities of legal systems of the States in whose territorial waters the vessel is located, remoteness of the vessel from coastline and objective situation that permits to receiving medical care from the shore. As far as possible these problems are resolved by non-profit organizations of seamen. The overview of their activities is presented in this article.

Exploring perspectives and insights of experienced voyagers on human health and Polynesian oceanic voyaging: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: The Worldwide Voyage (WWV) was a 3-year (2014-2017) open-ocean voyage to circumnavigate the world using Indigenous knowledge and navigational skills aboard Hokule'a, a traditionally designed Native Hawaiian (NH) voyaging canoe (wa'a kaulua). Each WWV segment included experienced crew and leadership who were recognized by their voyaging peers as highly experienced in Polynesian oceanic voyaging. This study explored the perceptions and insights of WWV-experienced ocean voyagers on the interconnection between human health and oceanic voyaging. METHODOLOGY: A constructivist approach with a storytelling-based moderator guide was used to conduct focus groups and informant interviews of experienced crew and voyaging leadership. Participants were interviewed and recorded transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. Triangulation of analysis included secondary thematic review by two independent NH cultural practitioners and participant member checking. Purposive sampling was used to enroll 34 of 66 eligible highly experienced voyagers (leadership n = 6; crew n = 28) in 5 focus groups and 4 informant interviews. RESULTS: Six themes emerged: 1) Indigenous context (spiritual and natural environment); 2) Importance of relationships and community; 3) Description of life on the canoe; 4) Holistic health; 5) Mindfulness, stress reduction and emotional health; and 6) Opportunities for intervention. Themes 1-5 were inductive and intricately interrelated, and theme 6 was deductive in that it directly resulted from a moderator guide question. Theme 6 offers strategies to improve the impact of voyaging and health well beyond the physical voyage with recommendations for improved transition back to land and developing a wa'a community context, which reflects a traditional voyaging experience. CONCLUSIONS: Polynesian oceanic voyaging is strongly perceived as a positive and transformative holistic-health-promoting experience. SIGNIFICANCE: Recommendations to promote generalizable health benefits of a voyaging lifestyle offers a promising and culturally grounded approach warranting future studies to understand mechanism and potential impact for improving health inequities.

Investigation of formaldehyde sources and its relative emission intensity in shipping channel environment.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is considered one of the most abundant gas-phase carbonyl compounds in the atmosphere, which can be directly emitted through transportation sources. Long-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) was used to observe HCHO in the river channel of Wusong Wharf in Shanghai, China for the whole year of 2019. Due to the impact of ship activity, the annual average HCHO level in the channel is about 2.5 times higher than that in the nearby campus environment. To explain the sources of HCHO under different meteorological conditions, the tracer-pair of CO and Ox (NO2+O3) was used on the clustered air masses. The results of the source appointment show that primary, secondary and background account for 24.14% (3.34 ± 1.19 ppbv), 44.78% (6.20 ± 2.04 ppbv) and 31.09% (4.31 ± 2.33 ppbv) of the HCHO in the channel when the air masses were from the mixed direction of the city and channel, respectively. By performing background station subtraction at times of high primary HCHO values and resolving the plume peaks, directly emitted HCHO/NO2 in the channel environment and plume were determined to be mainly distributed between 0.2 and 0.3. General cargo ships with higher sailing speeds or main engine powers tend to have higher HCHO/NO2 levels. With the knowledge of NO2 (or NOx) emission levels from ships, this study may provide data support for the establishment of HCHO emission factors.

Emission and optical characteristics of brown carbon in size-segregated particles from three types of Chinese ships.

Brown carbon (BrC) is one of the important light absorption substances that have high light absorption ability under short wavelength light. However, limit studies have focused on the BrC emission from ships. In this study, size-segregated particulate matters (PM) were collected from three different types of ships, light absorption characteristics and size distribution of methanol-soluble BrC and water-soluble BrC in PM from ship exhausts were investigated. Results showed that four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat (4-LDF) had the highest mass concentrations of methanol-soluble organic carbon (MSOC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), followed by 2-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel (2-HHV), and four-stroke high-power marine-diesel vessel (4-HMV). While 2-HHV had obviously higher light absorption coefficients of methanol-soluble BrC (Abs365,M) and water-soluble BrC (Abs365,W) in unit weight of PM than the other two types of ships. The tested ships presented comparable or higher absorption efficiency of BrC in water extracts (MAE365,W) compared with other BrC emission sources. Majority of BrC was concentrated in fine particles, and the particle size distributions of both Abs365,M and Abs365,W showed bimodal patterns, peaking at 0.43-0.65 µm and 4.7-5.8 µm, respectively. However, different particle size distributions were found for MAE365,M between diesel and heavy fuel oil ships. Besides, different wavelength dependence in particles with different size were also detected. Ship exhaust could be confirmed as a non-ignorable BrC emission source, and complex influencing factor could affect the light absorption characteristics of ship emissions. Particle size should also be considered when light absorption ability of BrC was evaluated.

Systematic literature review and meta-analysis on preventing and controlling norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships, 1990 to 2020: calling for behaviour change strategies of travellers.

BackgroundOutbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis aboard cruise ships may affect a large number of people, debilitate vulnerable travellers, disrupt vacations and cause economic losses to the cruise ship industry.AimWe aimed to identify risk factors for norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships and assess the effectiveness of prevention and control measures.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review searching PubMed and Scopus databases as well as grey literature for articles and reports describing norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships between 1990 and 2020. We also performed a meta-analysis of norovirus prevalence in passengers and crew members.ResultsData from 45 outbreaks on 26 cruise ships from 1990 to 2020 were identified in 13 articles and five reports, with a weighted average of prevalence (attack rate) for passengers of 7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.00-9.00) and for crew of 2% (95% CI: 0.00-3.00). Person-to-person was the most frequent mode of transmission in 35 of the 45 outbreaks (in 14 the only mode and in 21 as part of multiple transmission routes). Having an ill cabin mate (OR = 38.70; 95% CI: 13.51-110.86) was the most common risk factor. Six outbreak investigations reported poor hygiene, while four reported satisfactory hygiene in the cruise setting. Behavioural risk factors among travellers were investigated in three of the 13 studies.ConclusionsThe findings indicate a need for behavioural interventions to improve personal hygiene, symptom reporting and compliance with isolation measures, and for reconsidering current isolation policies where symptomatic and healthy individuals are isolated in the same cabin.

Observational study on the non-linear response of dolphins to the presence of vessels.

With the large increase in human marine activity, our seas have become populated with vessels that can be overheard from distances of even 20 km. Prior investigations showed that such a dense presence of vessels impacts the behaviour of marine animals, and in particular dolphins. While previous explorations were based on a linear observation for changes in the features of dolphin whistles, in this work we examine non-linear responses of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) to the presence of vessels. We explored the response of dolphins to vessels by continuously recording acoustic data using two long-term acoustic recorders deployed near a shipping lane and a dolphin habitat in Eilat, Israel. Using deep learning methods we detected a large number of 50,000 whistles, which were clustered to associate whistle traces and to characterize their features to discriminate vocalizations of dolphins: both structure and quantities. Using a non-linear classifier, the whistles were categorized into two classes representing the presence or absence of a nearby vessel. Although our database does not show linear observable change in the features of the whistles, we obtained true positive and true negative rates exceeding 90% accuracy on separate, left-out test sets. We argue that this success in classification serves as a statistical proof for a non-linear response of dolphins to the presence of vessels.

The first Neolithic boats in the Mediterranean: The settlement of La Marmotta (Anguillara Sabazia, Lazio, Italy).

Navigation in the Mediterranean in the Neolithic is studied here through the boats that were used, the degree of technical specialisation in their construction and, above all, their chronology. After a brief explanation of the exceptional site of La Marmotta, the characteristics and chronology of the five canoes found at the settlement and one of the nautical objects linked to Canoe 1 are discussed. This will allow a reflection on the capability of Neolithic societies for navigation owing to their high technological level. This technology was an essential part in the success of their expansion, bearing in mind that in a few millennia they occupied the whole Mediterranean from Cyprus to the Atlantic seaboard of the Iberian Peninsula.

Characterization of persistent organic contaminants in the atmosphere of Gadani's ship breaking yards and its surrounding: Implications for sustainable ship recycling practices.

Gadani is internationally renowned for its extensive ship-breaking operations, positioning it as one of the globe's primary ship-breaking hubs. A comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate the presence of organic contaminants in the air within Gadani, encompassing the areas surrounding ship-breaking facilities, proximate residential settlements, and adjacent roadways. Passive air samplers were employed to collect a total of 30 air samples. The analytical results unveiled a notably elevated concentration of specific organic compounds, with a pronounced prevalence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the ship-breaking yard. Notably, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and DDE were detected at substantially lower levels. In particular, sites in close proximity to ship-breaking activities exhibited elevated concentrations of PCBs (Σ7PCB 0.065429 to 7.345714 ng/sample), PAHs (Σ8PAH 2.44 to 134.23 ng/sample), and SCCPs (0.18 to 25.6 ng/sample). Conversely, DDTs and DDE demonstrated higher concentrations near residential settlements. The evaluation of Molecular Diagnostic Ratios for PAHs revealed anthracene/anthracene + phenanthrene ratios of 0.88, 0.69, and 0.5 for ship-breaking areas, roadside locations, and community surroundings, respectively. Furthermore, the benz[a]anthracene/benz-[a]anthracene + chrysene molecular ratios were measured at 0.77 (ship-breaking sites), 0.82 (roadside), and 0.83 (community), respectively. The molecular ratio of fluoranthene/fluoranthene + pyrene at ship-breaking sites was 0.23, while roadside and community ratios were 0.36 and 0.89, respectively. These findings underscore the significant contribution of ship-recycling activities to the atmospheric release of SCCPs, PCBs, and PAHs, emphasizing the global imperative for responsible ship recycling practices.

Keep calm and keep rowing: the psychophysical effects of dragon boat program in breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: Dragon Boat discipline has become a popular type of physical exercise among women with breast cancer. The present study aims to investigate the effects of Dragon Boat activity on body composition, physical function, and psychosocial aspects (i.e., body appreciation and quality of life [QoL]) in women operated for breast cancer. METHODS: Thirty-one women (age, 57.88 ± 7.88 years; BMI, 27.86 ± 6.38 kg·m-2) with a previous breast removal surgery were recruited and randomized into two groups: Dragon Boat group (DB, N = 18) or a home-based non-supervised training program (home exercise group; HG, N = 13). All participants underwent body composition, handgrip test, 30-s chair stand test (30CST), 6-min walking test (6MWT), and shoulder mobility measurements at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. Participants also filled out the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) and the Short Form Health Survey-12 (SF-12) self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: Dragon Boat activity significantly improved the 30CST (+ 6%, p = .011) and 6MWT performance (+ 30%, p = .011) compared to a home-based non-supervised training program. Moreover, 20% (3/15 women) of women in the DB group obtained a reliable change from pre- to post-intervention in the BAS-2 and in the mental QoL component of the SF-12 (vs 15% and 0% of the HC group). No reliable change emerged for the physical component of the SF-12. CONCLUSION: Dragon Boat activity is efficient to improve lower limb strength in women operated for breast cancer. Furthermore, Dragon Boat activity emerged to improve body appreciation and mental QoL in some of the women assigned to this activity. Importantly, no adverse events were documented during the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05206526 (10/02/2022).

Understanding vessel noise across a network of marine protected areas.

Protected areas are typically managed as a network of sites exposed to varying anthropogenic conditions. Managing these networks benefits from monitoring of conditions across sites to help prioritize coordinated efforts. Monitoring marine vessel activity and related underwater radiated noise impacts across a network of protected areas, like the U.S. National Marine Sanctuary system, helps managers ensure the quality of habitats used by a wide range of marine species. Here, we use underwater acoustic detections of vessels to quantify different characteristics of vessel noise at 25 locations within eight marine sanctuaries including the Hawaiian Archipelago and the U.S. east and west coasts. Vessel noise metrics, including temporal presence and sound levels, were paired with Automatic Identification System (AIS) vessel tracking data to derive a suite of robust vessel noise indicators for use across the network of marine protected areas. Network-wide comparisons revealed a spectrum of vessel noise conditions that closely matched AIS vessel traffic composition. Shifts in vessel noise were correlated with the decrease in vessel activity early in the COVID-19 pandemic, and vessel speed reduction management initiatives. Improving our understanding of vessel noise conditions in these protected areas can help direct opportunities for reducing vessel noise, such as establishing and maintaining noise-free periods, enhancing port efficiency, engaging with regional and international vessel quieting initiatives, and leveraging co-benefits of management actions for reducing ocean noise.

Impacts of ship emissions and sea-land breeze on urban air quality using chemical characterization, source contribution and dispersion model simulation of PM2.5 at Asian seaport.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from marine transportation, bulk materials handling at the docks, and dust dispersion has garnered increased attention, particularly in the interface between port and urban areas. This study explored the inter-transport of PM2.5 between Kaohsiung Harbor and neighboring Metro Kaohsiung. Chemical analyses of PM2.5 samples from four sites include water-soluble ions, metallic elements, carbons, anhydrosugars, and organic acids to establish PM2.5's chemical fingerprints. The CALPUFF air dispersion model is employed to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5 in Kaohsiung Harbor and adjacent urban areas. A clear seasonal and diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentrations and chemical composition was observed in both harbor and urban areas. The high correlation of nighttime PM2.5 levels between the port and urban areas suggests inter-transport phenomena. Sea salt spray, ship emissions, secondary aerosols, and heavy fuel-oil boilers exhibit higher levels in the port area than in the urban area. In Metro Kaohsiung, mobile sources, fugitive dust, and waste incinerators emerge as major PM2.5 contributors. Furthermore, sea breeze significantly influences PM2.5 dispersion from Kaohsiung Harbor to Metro Kaohsiung, particularly in the afternoon. The average contribution of PM2.5 from ships' main engines in Kaohsiung Harbor ranges from 2.9% to 5.3%, while auxiliary engines contribute 3.8%-8.3% of PM2.5 in Metro Kaohsiung.

Assessment of the performance of cruise ship waste management: Case study of the Rio de Janeiro port, Brazil.

The significant growth of the cruise ship industry has resulted in economic benefits, but there are also waste management-related challenges. The aim of this case study was to contribute to the research of cruise ship waste management at the Port of Rio de Janeiro. A3 methodology, applied for the first time in this context, was used to create questionnaires to assess the stakeholders involved, revealing that institutional bureaucracy has a negative effect on waste management. In addition, secondary data on unloaded waste, obtained from the transport manifests, showed that 56 % contained reliable information. The main wastes were plastics (57 %), glass (17 %), metal (9 %), and others. With respect to destinations, 41 % were sent to landfills, 55 % recycled and 4 % thermally treated. Only 5 % of cruise ship moorings removed waste at the Port of Rio de Janeiro, attributed to factors such as high costs.

Development and research directions in ship recycling: A systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis.

Ship recycling has gained significant importance in recent years due to the growing awareness of environmental concerns and the need for sustainable practices within the maritime industry. As vessels reach the end of their operational life, proper recycling methods are crucial to mitigate environmental impacts and promote resource conservation. With an increasing number of ships being decommissioned annually, there has been a growing interest and emphasis on developing efficient and eco-friendly ship recycling practices worldwide. This article presents a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of 228 studies on ship recycling indexed in Scopus. Employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology for its robustness in comprehensive literature analysis, this review uncovers key insights into prominent countries, authors, journals, collaborations, topics, and historical trends in ship recycling research, thereby extending the scope of previous reviews. Notably, major contributions from Turkey, India, Bangladesh, the USA, and China focus on environmental impact studies, reflecting urgent global sustainability concerns. The review discusses commonly adopted methodologies such as Life Cycle Assessment and Elemental Analysis, shedding light on their application in this field. Through thematic analysis across 8 categories, future research pathways are identified, highlighting crucial areas such as continuous environmental monitoring, innovative renewable energy extraction from end-of-life vessels, and the need for human factors in ship recycling. This comprehensive synthesis of existing knowledge and identification of emergent research needs and opportunities serve as a foundational resource for impactful future research and informed policymaking, particularly in aligning with global environmental and sustainability goals. Researchers, policymakers and other stakeholders in maritime safety and environmental sustainability may find the knowledge gained from this systematic literature review insightful.

Carbon reduction and cost control of container shipping in response to the European Union Emission Trading System.

In response to the EU ETS, we propose a cost model considering carbon emissions for container shipping, calculating fuel consumption, carbon emissions, EUA cost, and total cost of container shipping. We take a container ship operating on a route from the Far East to Northwest Europe as a case study. Environmental and economic impacts of including maritime transport activities in the EU ETS on container shipping are assessed. Results show that carbon emissions from the selected container ship using methanol are the smallest, and total cost of the selected container ship using methanol is the lowest. Among MGO, HFO, LNG, and methanol, methanol is the most environmentally and cost-effective option. Using LNG has greater environmental benefit, while using HFO has greater economic benefit. Compared to MGO, carbon reduction effects of LNG and methanol are 14.2% and 57.1%, and their cost control effects are 7.8% and 26.5%. Compared to HFO, carbon reduction effects of LNG and methanol are 11.7% and 55.8%, and the cost control effect of methanol is 9.3%. Speed reduction is effective in achieving carbon reduction and cost control of container shipping only when the sailing speed of the selected container ship is greater than 8.36 knots. Once the sailing speed is less than this threshold, speed reduction will increase carbon emissions and total cost of container shipping. This model can assess the environmental and economic impacts of including maritime transport activities in the EU ETS on container shipping and explore the measures to achieve carbon reduction and cost control of container shipping in response to the EU ETS.

An assessment of factors for the cruise port of call selection: The modified fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process.

Improving cruise ports of call is essential for enhancing the overall cruise experience for passengers, promoting tourism, and supporting the economic development of the regions served by these ports. Therefore, this article aims to assess selection factors (SFs) for the cruise port of call from the perspective of cruise operators (COs) and port operators (POs). In doing so, this paper first identifies SFs for the cruise port of call and establishes their hierarchical structure thanks to the extensive literature and expert brainstorming. Afterwards, The Modified Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (MFAHP) is developed to gauge the discrepancy in SFs between COs and POs. Empirical results from MFAHP pinpoint two significant SFs for POs to improve and attract their customers: customs, immigration control and quarantine (CIQ), and incentive measures. Besides, theoretical and managerial implications, and potential limitations for the next research are discussed.

Unveiling the overlooked direct emissions of particulate organic nitrates from ship.

Particulate organic nitrates (pONs) have drawn growing interests due to their effects on nitrogen cycling, air pollution, and regional climate. While secondary formation is typically considered as the major source of pONs, direct emissions from various sources remain poorly explored. Ship exhausts have been known as an important source of reactive nitrogen species, yet pONs emissions from ship have been rarely characterized. In this study, we conducted atmospheric measurement of pONs during a ship-based cruise measurement campaign in the East China Sea and also emission measurement of pONs from ship exhausts. During the ship-based cruise, total five typical kinds of pONs were determined and the average total concentrations of five pONs were 479 ± 193 and 250 ± 139 ng m-3 when sampling was influenced by ship emissions or not, respectively, indicating the notable impact of ship exhaust plumes on ambient pONs. Further, five typical pONs were successfully identified and quantified from ship exhausts, with the average total concentration of 1123 ± 406 µg m-3. The much higher pONs levels in ship exhausts than in ambient particulate matters demonstrated ship emission as an important source for pONs. Additionally, their emission factors from ship exhausts were determined as at a range of 0.1-12.6 mg kWh-1. The chemical transport model simulations indicate that direct pONs emissions from ship exert a significant contribution to atmospheric pONs, especially in the clean marine atmosphere. These findings provide compelling evidence for direct emission of pONs from ship and its considerable effects. We call for further studies to better characterize the direct pONs emissions from ship and other potential sources, which should be incorporated into global and regional models.

Employment Practices, Cost Minimization, and Their Implications for Food Provisions and Seafarers' Wellbeing on board Ships - A Qualitative Analysis.

The global shipping industry, responsible for delivering over 70% of the world's goods (in volume), has increasingly adopted cost minimization policies, contributing to precarious employment practices that adversely affect seafarers' wellbeing. This study focuses on the intricate relationship between employment precarity and food provision on cargo ships. By presenting seafarers' perspectives, we aim to understand how precarious employment practices and cost minimization in the industry influence power dynamics related to food and impact seafarers' wellbeing. Drawing on empirical data collected through shipboard observations and interviews with seafarers, this study examines the often-overlooked experiences and perspectives of seafarers. The research sheds light on the precarity of employment in shipping and its inherent impact on the provision of food on board and its implications for seafarers' physical and emotional health, including the availability of nutritious and sufficient food and its impact on their daily lives. Through in-depth interviews, seafarers' insights into their experiences of food including the quality, availability, and cultural appropriateness of food on board are explored, as well as the standard of training for cooks. Through this research, we found substandard conditions on some of the ships, cost-focused decision-making, and lack of standardized food preparation practices on board. These findings underline the need for improved regulations, better training opportunities, and increased consideration for seafarers' wellbeing. These changes are essential to ensure the provision of adequate and nutritious meals that promote the physical and mental health of seafarers on board ships. Specifically, the research underscores the need for policy and advocacy initiatives to improve seafarers' lives and promote fair working conditions in the global shipping industry. By amplifying the voices of seafarers and providing evidence-based insights, this study contributes to the larger discourse on workers' rights and the importance of decent working conditions. It calls for greater attention to the provision of adequate, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food on board cargo ships, recognizing its significance for seafarers' physical and mental wellbeing, as well as a call for standardized training for ship's cooks.

Large outbreak of typhoid fever on a river cruise ship used as accommodation for asylum seekers, the Netherlands, 2022.

On 6 April 2022, the Public Health Service of Kennemerland, the Netherlands, was notified about an outbreak of fever and abdominal complaints on a retired river cruise ship, used as shelter for asylum seekers. The diagnosis typhoid fever was confirmed on 7 April. An extensive outbreak investigation was performed. Within 47 days, 72 typhoid fever cases were identified among asylum seekers (n = 52) and staff (n = 20), of which 25 were hospitalised. All recovered after treatment. Consumption of food and tap water on the ship was associated with developing typhoid fever. The freshwater and wastewater tanks shared a common wall with severe corrosion and perforations, enabling wastewater to leak into the freshwater tank at high filling levels. Salmonella Typhi was cultured from the wastewater tank, matching the patient isolates. In the freshwater tank, Salmonella species DNA was detected by PCR, suggesting the presence of the bacterium and supporting the conclusion of contaminated freshwater as the probable source of the outbreak. Outbreaks of uncommon infections may occur if persons from endemic countries are accommodated in crowded conditions. Especially when accommodating migrants on ships, strict supervision on water quality and technical installations are indispensable to guarantee the health and safety of the residents.

Assessment of the effectiveness of antifouling solutions for recreational boats in the context of marine bioinvasions.

The recreational boating sector is a major vector for the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) via biofouling. Despite applying control measures to prevent the growth of fouling communities, most vessels are NIS carriers. This study assessed the effectiveness of different antifouling strategies in a manipulative experiment by testing two common coating typologies (biocide-based and foul-release coatings), accompanied with simulated maintenance practices. The experiment was carried out in the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy) and samples were collected at two different periods. Results showed significant differences among antifouling treatments regarding community structure, diversity, coverage and biovolume of the sessile component, alongside a significant decrease in the performance of biocide-based coating with time. Interestingly, peracarid NIS/native species ratio was higher for biocide-based treatments, suggesting potential biocide resistance. This study highlights the urgent need to develop common and feasible biofouling management plans and provides insights towards identification of best practices for recreational vessels.

[The provision of balanced diet aboard of see-going ship as a measure of defense of health of crew members].

The unreasonable diet is threatening not only by development of hypodynamia but also by loosing job on board of sea vessel. Such diseases of seamen as gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastritis, pancreatitis are a basis of non-making or non-extending employment contract. The significant causes of occurrence and development of this category of occupational illness are lacking of proper diet on shipboard that considers conditions of voyages, inadequate qualification training of ship cooks, as well as insufficient funding by particular shipowners daily food allowance of crew members. The article reveals requirements of international and national normative documents regarding organization of proper diet and table service, determines daily diet of crew members of sea and river vessels. The results of survey of active sailors and cadets of higher maritime school regarding the satisfaction of organized diet are discussed. The recommendations to ensure balanced rations on board the ship are proposed.